Congenital Birth Defects Essay - 2343 Words

1.1 Congenital Birth Defects Birth defects, congenital abnormalities are terms used to describe developmental defects that are present at birth. There are a lot of genetic and environmental interactions in the complex transition from a fertilised ovum to a fully formed human being. The stage of development that the interactions are affected influences the type of birth defects. Birth defect causes can be divided into two types, genetic and environmental causes. There are also birth defects which are caused due to multifactorial inheritance (George, 2007). Genetic causes of birth defects It has been estimated that 25% of all birth defects are caused due to genetic factors and out of these 85% causes are known (Brent, 2004).†¦show more content†¦There also occur chromosomal rearrangements which are of different types, such as translocation, inversions and insertions. Translocations represent the exchange of material between two non-homologous chromosomes. Chromosomal re-arrangements can be described as balanced or unbalanced. In balanced re-arrangements chromosome materials which have been lost or gained does not appear in the analysis under light microscope whereas in unbalanced re-arrangements chromosomes are either lost or gained which results in chromosomal imbalance. This type of balanced or unbalanced re-arrangements is associated with phenotypic abnormality like birth defects (Brent, 2004). Single gene mutations They account for 6% of birth defects and they represent malformations and affect multiple systems (Young, 2005). It is important to study the inheritance pattern of these birth defects to give the families accurate genetic advice. Autosomal dominant disorder is caused due to mutations in one allele of an autosomal gene whereas in the autosomal recessive disorder mutation happens in both the allele of an autosomal gene. X-linked recessive disorder is caused due to the mutation in the genes on the X chromosome. Males are more frequently affected as they only have one normal copy of the X-linked gene which becomes mutated unlike in females. X-linked dominant disorder is caused due to mutations in the X-chromosomeShow MoreRelatedCongenital Birth Defect: Cleft Palate Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 PagesCleft palate is a congenital birth defect. Treatment of cleft palate requires the interdisciplinary efforts of a Cleft Palate/Craniofacial team, which includes speech-language pathol ogists and dentists. Approximately fifty percent of individuals who suffer from cleft palate have been shown to have disorders in speech and/or language, with the potential to benefit from treatment (LeDuc, 2008). Individuals with cleft palate may experience secondary disorders such as feeding and suckling difficultiesRead MorePsychological Adjustments for Hirschsprung’s Disease 984 Words   |  4 PagesHirschsprung Disease Occurring once in approximately 5000 live births, Hirschsprung disease is a congenital abnormality characterized by the absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells in the colon preventing peristalsis and resulting in intestinal obstruction and abdominal distension. Also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon, this medical malady is an unfortunate anomaly of a very vulnerable population – infants and children. Hirschsprung disease can occur in otherwise healthy babiesRead MoreCongenital Heart Disease ( Chd )912 Words   |  4 Pages Congenital Heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease is also known as â€Å"Congenital heart defect† or congenital cardiovascular malformations. The word â€Å"congenital† means existing at birth. Congenital heart defects change the normal flow of blood to the heart. CHD is the most common type of birth defect, this disease affects 8 out of every 1,000 newborns. More than 35,000 babies each year in the United States are born with a congenital heart defect. If you have a congenital heart defect it meansRead MoreTheoretical And Ethical Basis Of Practice1890 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Congenital Heart Defects (CCHD). The objectives of this paper are to relate the metaparadigm of nursing to the POI, select and discuss a grand nursing theory and a middle-range theory that can be applied to the POI, examine the POI as it relates to the complexity science framework, and to distinguish ethical principles that apply to the POI. Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Defects Critical Congenital Heart Defect (CCHD) is a subgroup of congenital heart defects that normallyRead MoreHeart Abnormalities: Critical Congenital Heart Defects839 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Congenital Heart Defects are abnormalities of the heart structure that are present at birth. These occur because of incomplete or abnormal development of the fetus’ heart. These defects can cause severe mortality within the newborn stage (Goldstein, 2013, p.1). Several are known to be linked to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and others are thought to be linked to environmental factors that women can be exposed to while pregnant. The cause of most CCHD’s is unknown. SymptomsRead MoreWhat Makes Me Special?1758 Words   |  8 Pageslike a wildfire. My heart was broken, literally and figuratively. I was born with two types of congenital heart defects (CHD), heart defects present at birth, and they really played a huge role in my perception of life. My congenital heart defects were pulmonary atresia (PA), a defect where the valve that connects one’s heart and lungs together is missing, and ventricular septal defect (VA), a defect which is a hole or a series of holes in one’s heart. Having pulmonary atresia meant that I wouldRead MoreDown s Syndrome : A Common Chromosomal Disorder2838 Words   |  12 PagesDown’s syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in every 691 live births (Heward 2013, p.137). Individuals with Down’s syndrome experience significant intellectual disabilities, physical abnormalities, and abundant health issues. Some of their physical features include, â€Å"being short in stature; flat, broad face with small ears and nose; upward slanting eyes; small mouth with short roof; protruding tongue, which can effect speech; hypotonia; heart d efects; and more.† (Heward 2013, p.137) These physical differencesRead MoreCongenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects1423 Words   |  6 PagesCongenital heart defects are problems intrinsic to the heart that present at birth. They develop during fetal growth in utero mainly due to genetic malformations, environmental factors, and multifactorial reasons. The environment within which the fetus develops (the uterus) is a very crucial contribution to normal fetal growth and development. It is common to find disruptions within this microenvironment; the consequent effect being the disruption of normal growth and organ developments. The timingRead MoreCongenital Diseases : Congenital Disease1210 Words   |  5 PagesCongenital disease Congenital disease (birth defect) are defects of any kind that are present at birth. However, not all are caused by a mutation in the DNA. Another way to say congenital disorder are birth defects. Congenital disease is where it â€Å"occurs at birth or even before birth†¦the incidence is 2~5% in newborn and the percentage of congenital disease related to genetic or chromosome defects was 60~70%.; the other 30% of etiology was unknown†¦ congenital disease can be categorized into chromosomeRead MoreCongenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects914 Words   |  4 PagesA congenital heart defect is an issue with the actual anatomy of the heart. This issue is normally presented at the time of birth. Congenital heart defects are some of the most common type of birth defect. Eight out of one thousand newborns are diagnosed with a congenital heart defect. Congenital defects can often affect any anatomical part of the heart. It can affect the valves, walls, arteries and veins ne ar the heart. Congenital defects can affect the flow of blood through the heart, they can

The Drugging of our Children Free Essays

Dr. James Schaller of the Medical College of Pennsylvania (Life Script; James Louis Schaller, MD) believes that one must rule everything out first and then see the actual problem before considering edication. It is common in this day and age for people to accuse the hyperactive child of their parents not knowing how to raise or control them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drugging of our Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Michael D. Fraser states that parenting style is not a cause of ADD and ADHD but that it’s hereditary and can even have to do with things like low birth weight, diet, and allergies. Needleman stated that, â€Å"It has also been claimed that exposure to lead can cause delinquent behavior in children†. The number one symptom of ADD or ADHD is â€Å"Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat†, stated by Peter Breggin, MD. Null only gets facts and stories from people that have been negatively affected by the use of psychotropic medications and doctors that are against the use of them. The audience is only able to wrap the mind around tragic situations that’ll lead to agreement with the argument presented. It was observed that as children got older, school shootings became more common. The cause of this was claimed to be that into this answering their own questions like â€Å"Weren’t guns easy to access in the 1950’s and 1960’s? † In fact, yes, it was Just as easy, if not easier for children to get heir hands on guns then also. Physicians looked further into the children committing these acts. Miguel Humara, Ph. D states that, â€Å"The most effective form of treatment for ADD and ADHD are cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychotropic medication†. All of the children featured in the film had a history of being on some sort of psychotropic medication, the most common being Ritalin. These drugs are most commonly meant for people ages eighteen years or older, but doctors were being lazy and Just prescribing these drugs to small children also. Comparing an eighteen ear old on Ritalin to a seven year old on it, they had different side effects. While the eighteen year old was experiencing headache and vomiting, the seven year old was hallucinating and unconsciously doing violent acts. Obvious to viewers that these had long term consequences to younger aged children. This information makes sense and is valid from people with first-hand experience, but what about the people with no horrendous side effects? What about the doctors that do rule out everything before trying out medicine? These things should have also been addressed throughout the film for accurate accusation. The argument is strong and makes the audience think about medicating young children and is definitely persuasive in making them agree. This argument makes the audience think more in depth of the side effects of medication on young children in both their short term and long term effects. Null, throughout the entire film, speaks to the audience through the credibility of doctors, educators, and parents that have lived through experiences. This is an effective way to grab the attention of the audience with real life stories of victims. It makes the audience feel as if they know the victim and can have sympathy or their experience and therefore be able to agree with the argument, making the argument effective. In reality, young children are going to be a bit hyper and squirmy in their childhood and shouldn’t be look at as diseased or troubled. They need time to grow up and understand acceptable behavior. Though teachers and parents quickly make the assumption that there is something wrong, doctors need to be the ones to make the ultimate decision. Therefore, drugging of young children is the result of self- diagnoses, teacher diagnoses, and lack of medical attention and care for those with ADD and ADHD. How to cite The Drugging of our Children, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis Model of Christian Charity free essay sample

In John Winthrops sermon, Model of Christian Charity, Winthrop uses persuasive diction and fgures of speech to reinforce his idea ofa city upon a hill, which is having absolute unity and conformity in able for the colony to prosper, in which others will look to as an example for guidance. His entire sermon is in a first person plural to refer to the Puritans that he is speaking to and saying that they are a group that is not diverse. Winthrop states that they must be knit together, in this work, as one man, which means that every individual is meant to make a commitment to the group; that those individuals are meant to work together as common destiny. By referring that the Puritans must follow the ideas of being the city upon a hill, suggesting that they all come together no matter what their differences are to become a much larger entity, in which others around them will follow for guidance. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis Model of Christian Charity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only does John Winthrop insist on the unity between and among the individual Puritans, he also searches in a unity between God and humans. Winthrop talks about the deep bond that the Puritans have with God; he is not only binding them together, but he is also showing the higher purpose that God intends to have. Winthrop states that is order to keep the bond with God they must follow his ways and keep their Covenant with Him, so they will be able to prosper. Winthrop is combing politics ith religion that foreshadows this type of theocracy to come and also dramatically setting this as an example of a spiritual and physical unity that Winthrop seems to impulse on among his people and between his people and God. Winthrop shows his desire for his city upon a hill through his motivational speaking to the Puritans and suggesting them to have this sense of community to succeed their goal and to have faith in God and in his ways, to succeed in this pride of accomplishment.