An Inconvenient Truth

An Inconvenient Truth (Narrative Report) Through lectures, writings, and a documentary film, he sought to raise awareness of global warming. The film An Inconvenient Truth (2006) gave him a platform for illuminating the dangers of climate change before a wide audience. It received an Academy Award for best documentary. The Nobel committee cited Al Gore as â€Å"the single individual who has done most to create greater worldwide understanding of the measures that need to be adopted† to halt global warming.Given this historic blizzard, should this most recent evidence of a global warming trend be taken seriously? Is there conclusive evidence of global warming? Does global climate change have serious consequences when many of us live or travel in climate-controlled structures that are cooled in summer and heated in winter? The general consensus of the scientific community is that the earth's surface is warming.Research centers in Great Britain and the United States maintain two l ong-term data sets on global surface temperatures; the most recent data from these centers indicated that 2005 was the warmest year on record. As Al Gore discussed on the film, he mentioned that warming  temperatures  are already causing significant changes to mountain glaciers around the world, ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic, and polar sea ice in the Arctic. From Europe to Africa to Asia to North America, mountain glaciers have receded over the 20th century, and melting is becoming more rapid.The large-scale melting of ice may accelerate the pace of global warming in what is known as a feedback process. Because ice reflects sunlight back out to space, it has a cooling effect. Water and land, which are darker than ice, absorb and retain more heat. And he also discussed that the global average temperatures strongly suggest that global warming has actually begun to take place. This is not, however, a simple trend to document. Temporary confounding factors can mask an ov erall trend in average temperatures.He also mentioned about the ice berg in the Antartic and Artic zones. He said that the reason why it melted so fast in our century is that the stronger heat from the the sun. Mr. Al Gore is only concerned to our mother Earth today. ‘Coz he said that maybe after 50 more years, most of the lands on our planet will be submerged on water. And he also said that the risk of happening this is almost 65% in reality! Indeed, a global convention would not otherwise have been possible.It is important to remember that an alteration of the global climate system is unlikely to be one of just gradual change, but that dramatic changes and shifts are possible. Also, for any factor, such as increased high-altitude cloudiness, that could lessen the effects of global warming, there is likely to be a factor that could heighten the effects. In the end, it is common sense to do something to avert global warming. This is not a backyard experiment that humankind can walk away from. We are experimenting with the entire planet, and this is where we live. An Inconvenient Truth The movie we watched last Friday was â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth. † For me, it is entitled â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† because the main topic there, which is climate change and climate crisis, is a very inconvenient reality that we’re facing today. The man discussing the issue was former United States Vice President Mr. Al Gore, who was a politician and a very concerned man about the environment. An Inconvenient Truth focuses on Al Gore and his travels in support of his efforts to educate the public about the severity of the climate crisis. The main issue presented in the clip wasclimate change and climate crisis. Mr. Al Gore explained this topic through a Power Point presentation. He travelled all over the world to show people this presentation. He had a vision: to convince people that global warming is a reality that we’re currently facing today and we should start taking care of Mother Earth. According to him, global warming is now melting glaciers, ice, and it is destroying the beauty of Earth. He said that the main cause of this is the Greenhouse Effect, which is caused by a lot of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that are trapped within the Earth. The Earth was said to â€Å"breathe out† CO2. CO2 was trapped in the Earth because of the unusual thickening of the Earth’s ozone layer, and now it â€Å"breathes out† little CO2 than before. The greenhouse effect is bad to the living organisms on Earth because it contributes to a lot of damage to the planet. The human activity that caused the greatest release of greenhouse gases is the smoke released from factories. It releases harmful substances that damage our ozone layer. But, there are also other causes, such as what Mr.  Al Gore said: â€Å"Each one of us is a cause of global warming, but each one of us can make choices to change that with the things we buy, the electricity we use, the cars we drive; we can make choices to bring our individual carbon emissions to zero. The solutions are in our hands, we just have to have the determination to make it happen. We have everything that we need to reduce carbon emissions, everything but political will. But in America, the will to act is a renewable resource. Throughout the movie, Gore discusses the scientific opinion on climate change, as well as the present and future effects of global warming and stresses that climate change â€Å"is really not a political issue, so much as a moral one,† describing the consequences he believes global climate change will produce if the amount of human-generated greenhouse gases is not significantly reduced in the very near future. Gore also presents Antarctic ice coring data showing CO2 levels higher now than in the past 650,000 years. Yes, I believe Al Gore. I believe that global warming is happening right now. In the realities happening now, who wouldn’t believe that it’s happening right now? A particular event that cited why Mr. Al Gore gives proof that global warming is happening was the melting of glaciers in Antarctica and temperature rise. What inspired his interest in the issue was his college education with early climate expert Roger Revelle at Harvard University; his sister's death from lung cancer and his young son's near-fatal car accident. Gore recalls a story from his grade school years, where a fellow student asked his geography teacher about continental drift. During the film's end credits, a diaporama pops up on screen suggesting to viewers things at home they can do to combat climate change, including â€Å"recycle†, â€Å"speak up in your community†, â€Å"try to buy a hybrid vehicle†, â€Å"vote for leaders who are concerned about caring for the environment† and â€Å"encourage everyone you know to watch this movie. † Well, I’ll definitely encourage everyone to watch this movie because it really inspired me and it showed me what’s really happening in reality. I learned a lot of things in the movie, and there’s no doubt that everyone will learn a lot and be inspired by it too. An Inconvenient Truth An Inconvenient Truth (Narrative Report) Through lectures, writings, and a documentary film, he sought to raise awareness of global warming. The film An Inconvenient Truth (2006) gave him a platform for illuminating the dangers of climate change before a wide audience. It received an Academy Award for best documentary. The Nobel committee cited Al Gore as â€Å"the single individual who has done most to create greater worldwide understanding of the measures that need to be adopted† to halt global warming.Given this historic blizzard, should this most recent evidence of a global warming trend be taken seriously? Is there conclusive evidence of global warming? Does global climate change have serious consequences when many of us live or travel in climate-controlled structures that are cooled in summer and heated in winter? The general consensus of the scientific community is that the earth's surface is warming.Research centers in Great Britain and the United States maintain two l ong-term data sets on global surface temperatures; the most recent data from these centers indicated that 2005 was the warmest year on record. As Al Gore discussed on the film, he mentioned that warming  temperatures  are already causing significant changes to mountain glaciers around the world, ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic, and polar sea ice in the Arctic. From Europe to Africa to Asia to North America, mountain glaciers have receded over the 20th century, and melting is becoming more rapid.The large-scale melting of ice may accelerate the pace of global warming in what is known as a feedback process. Because ice reflects sunlight back out to space, it has a cooling effect. Water and land, which are darker than ice, absorb and retain more heat. And he also discussed that the global average temperatures strongly suggest that global warming has actually begun to take place. This is not, however, a simple trend to document. Temporary confounding factors can mask an ov erall trend in average temperatures.He also mentioned about the ice berg in the Antartic and Artic zones. He said that the reason why it melted so fast in our century is that the stronger heat from the the sun. Mr. Al Gore is only concerned to our mother Earth today. ‘Coz he said that maybe after 50 more years, most of the lands on our planet will be submerged on water. And he also said that the risk of happening this is almost 65% in reality! Indeed, a global convention would not otherwise have been possible.It is important to remember that an alteration of the global climate system is unlikely to be one of just gradual change, but that dramatic changes and shifts are possible. Also, for any factor, such as increased high-altitude cloudiness, that could lessen the effects of global warming, there is likely to be a factor that could heighten the effects. In the end, it is common sense to do something to avert global warming. This is not a backyard experiment that humankind can walk away from. We are experimenting with the entire planet, and this is where we live.

My Dream Career Essay

I have a dream seems at first second that is difficult to achieve but with the will and hard work could turn the dream into reality, I want to become the Executive Director of one of the famous companies such as Microsoft. For this job it will be a long and difficult journey. Education: I must be studying in one of the best universities, so I intend to study IT at Bahrain Training Institute. First I will get the Diploma I well study for 2 years then I will get the Higher National Diploma also I will study for 2 years. When I graduate from BTI I will try to get a job to save money to complete my studies. I will study at Al-Ahlia University to get the Bachelor‘s Degree just in one year and Master’s Degree to pass it I have to take a 11 modules (42 credits). There a lot of modules I will take during my studies such as: 1. Programming Techniques 2. Computer Systems 3. Internet Applications and Services 4. Visual Programming 5. Models of Computations and Systems 6. Software Engineering Methods 7. Database Systems: Design and Applications 8. Interactive Systems 9. Networking 10. Software Analysis and Verification 11. Mobile Information and Device programming 12. Information Security 13. Software Project Management 14. Operating Systems 15. Mobile Enterprise Systems 16. Logic Programming and Knowledge Representation 17. Distributed Systems Experience: The experience I will get it when I work in a company during my studies. I will be always hardworking in my job and I will build a relationships with the employees and the company’s directors and owners, and this will help me in the future. I will try to work in more than one company to get a senior positions to be able to reach my dream. Money: There is no doubt that I would need a large sum of money to study, in my studies at BTI I need nearly 600 BD my husband will pay it for me. To study the Bachelor and masters I need nearly 8000 BD. If I could not save enough money to study, I will apply for an educational loan to pay it for my studies and I will repay it from what I get it in my work. Attitude: I don’t have a good communication skills and dealing with others, and I was very shy and not confident in myself a lot, but in my work I improve my communication skills and l learned how to deal with others and my confidence has increased a lot .. After this long and difficult journey in realizing my dream, I hope to see myself as the Executive Director of one of the famous company in the world. Resources: Ahlia University http://www.ahlia.edu.bh/ahliaweb/ BTI – Bahrain Training Institute http://www.bti.com.bh/

Proposal of Student Jnformation System

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Proposed Research Topic: Shortcoming of IFM Student Management System Meaning of Student information system Student information system is a software application for education establishments to manage student data. Also known as student information management system(SIMS),student record system(SRS), student management system(SMS). Objective of proposal: IFM’s students claim that student management system is very inconvenient to them as the end users of the system during day to day operations.Due to this fact, we will concentrate on enhancing the system functionalities that have proved to have weakness such as to enable the system to calculate GPA at the end of each semester and make the system reliable and available for student to view their results and fee payment. Background: The background of student information system starts from manual management of information like the result to be provided to the notes board where as the area of student to access t he result.This were difficult for the student to access the information due to increase number of student, and the system were moved to computerized that start with SARIS and now SIS but there are a sort of problem. Not only student but also management increased their performance due to shifting from manual operations to computerized operations. Therefore, this project shall be conducted in team work by four members in the IFM (The Institute Of Finance Management)premises which I located at city center opposite to national Museum.The first member is a team leader and he is specialized in projects management, the second member is specialized in research and data analysis, the rest two members are specialized in system development and maintenance process. Shortcoming of Student Management System IFM student management system has proved to have a several problems (shortcoming) regarding to the user who are students. The system seems to be very inconvenient to the users as it is viewed from its different functionalities as demonstrated below: Lack of relevance informationLack of relevance information such as in the module section, because it contains non-relevant subject for example for Bsc. IT module, Audit has been indicated as one of the subject to be selected during second year study where as it not part of subject to be selected or studied by IT student so it lead to confusion and inconvenience during selection of module. It also has poor organization of necessary information, module should be divided based on semester and not year.It should enable user to see the overview/content of each subject for example in case of† IS project† it should shoe the content of this subject so as student should get a picture of what is going to cover regarding to the subject, this will enable student to be aware when selecting an option subject. In case of GPA The system should calculate the students’ GPA at the end of each semester. This shall make student aware of his academic performance so helping him/her to make strategic plan on how to improve his/her performance and enhance seriousness of the student System reliabilityThe system is not reliable because when maintenance or updating information in one of its functionality negatively affect the other functionality for example during uploading of result, student may not even be able to access other functions such as fee payment, home as well as student profile despite the fact that only function that deal with result is maintained. Instead message that says †system is undergoing maintenance† appear and no any function can be accessed. Poor interfaceSystem interface should not require user to scroll down or up so as to access some information instead all information should be arranged in a manner that all features appear to fit to the screen width and height. In results and payment link Information are not integrity, this problem show that the data can be changed at any time when the system used or accessed, for example on result you can look the result on this time are not the same when you will check again it can be good result or bad result but that does not matter, it needed to get expected result.Also in payment link you can check the payment status on this time you are not debt but any time the status will show you are debt. In the student profile link The update of information to the student profile are not reliable, for example the timetable it can be better when a particular student check the timetable in his/her profile to avoid disturbance or any information are needed to be uploaded in student profile to show the accuracy of student to get new or particular information.Also there is problem when you editing information in your profile are not accuracy because you can edit and the system are not respond to make changes or sometime the changes are accepted. In the communication link In case of communication link there is no feedback/notif ication which can make you to know you request are sent or fail. For example you can send the email to the lecture, when you send the email have no notification which show you the email now is sent and there is no feedback from the lecturer to you, from example to tell you your request is on processed wait for a hour or a day.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review refers to the survey of important articles, books and other sources pertaining to your research topic. This review of the professional literature relevant to your research question will help to contextualize, or frame, your research. It will also give readers the necessary background to understand your research (Joffrey hoffer ). According to Student Management System of IFM we reviewed the whole system, the system tried to accomplish some of the need of the students and management but other task where not ell introduced. The system should be integrate means that the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicate d by any absence of any alteration in data between two updates of data record (joffrey Hoffer). now the student management system of IFM not integrated due to the reason that the available information are not consistent. User friendly refers as application, equipment, facility, process, or system that is compatible with its intended user’s ability to use it easily and successfully (Balasubramanian,D 2001).According to IFM student management the system failed to maintain user friendly because there is a lot of scrolling in order for the user to see the other information which can reduce user intention. Feedback refers as the process in which the effect or output of an action is ‘returned’ (fed-back) to modify the next action. Feedback is essential to the working and survival of all regulatory mechanisms found living and non-living nature, and in man-made system such as education system (www. businessdictionary. com).In case of IFM student management system, the sy stem does not provide any information when the student provides the communication to the management. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY According to the problem or shortcoming demonstrated above, there are various ways that can be followed to investigate the real solution to the above problems but for this case â€Å"Rapid Application Development† and Conduct a literature review are the best methodologies to be used to accomplish the proposed project due to the following reasons * Methodologies radically decrease design and implementation time. Close collaboration between users, analysts and managers. System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems. We suggest using Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology RAD is a software development methodology, which involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes. It involves extensive user invol vement, prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated CASE tools, and code generators.Joint Application Design (JAD) is structured process involving users, analysts, and managers. Several-day intensive workgroup sessions. It uses customer involvement and group dynamics to accurately depict the user's view of the business need and to jointly develop a solution. REFERENCES * Modern system analysis and design sixth edition by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich. * www. businessdictionary. com * IFM Student Management System * Computer installation and servicing Balasubramanian,D 2001

Franchising Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Franchising Business - Essay Example It acts as a good source of income for the franchisor. It occurs through the regular payment of royalty fees, franchise fees, levies and funds from private labeling of products. Such funds form the capital backbone of the firm, hence an assured turnover of investments and profits. There is also a decrease in the operational, distribution and advertising costs. There is a surge in the money used for finance and development issues2. In addition to that, there is a massive reduction in the operational costs as one can simply have a small organization as compared to the absolute ownership of operational locations. There is a great uniformity of the work and services rendered a degree of consistency and an increase in productivity hence. There is a control system to facilitate and measure up the quality of services, otherwise known as quality assurance unit. Customer care and public relations are excellent leading to an increase in the overall sales. Furthermore, it ensures that the products are located in strategic places where consumers can easily access them. It increases the number of selling points through utilization of other people’s businesses. There is a faster expansion with an overall effect of reduced effect of competitors. From the utilization of the franchising system, the performance of a firm that has utilized the model in marketing the products is useful and better than the one having various branches. It is because people who have the motivation and the urge to increase the sales and the overall profits do the operations. It remains difficult to motivate managers to such extents.

Land law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land law coursework - Essay Example This certificate and the registration as the new owner of the property award him all the rights of the house (Dowden 4). His interests in this case are therefore beneficial interests since he is the proprietor of the instrument and hence the legal owner. In case of any court cases, the registration and the transfer of the certificate of registration and ownership will be proof enough of his binding interests in the property above all the others and it overrides the interests of all. Once the ownership rights have been transferred to him, it is up to him therefore to decide what to do with rest of the people who were intertwined with Abigail especially Thomas (her father) and Michael (the tenant). Thomas is a trustee of Abigail in the registered land and he therefore has his own overriding interests in the land and its instruments. His overriding interests in that property are brought about by the fact that the registrar did not record his interests or agreements with his daughter whe n transferring the property from Gareth and this is according to s 78 of the LRA 2002. Thomas assisted Abigail with one fifth of the payment money required to purchase Heavenly Mews and they drafted an express trust. The form of express trust drafted however was not revealed and hence the interest which Thomas has in the instrument is not known. There are different forms of trust which according to English Law may have been drafted in this scenario by the father and daughter. These trusts must have to mention the beneficiary since it is not a charitable trust that Thomas drafted with his daughter. The interest which Thomas may have on the property of Abigail being a trustee may however not be granted or addressed by the courts. This is because according to the Variation of Trusts Act of 1958, the court lacks power to consent trust ascertained to an individual who is suijuris that is the one who is above the age of consent and who is of sound mind like Abigail (Dowden 64). If the cas e of Savill v Goodall [1993] 1 FLR 755 is to be followed, then Thomas would have claimed his share of the money paid for the house since there was an express trust agreement. The fact that Thomas stayed on and off with his daughter Abigail before she sold the property does not have any effect on the interest according to the act and hence is also not admissible court. The interest therefore remains to be null and void unless Stephen who is the bona fide owner of the property instrument decides to share it or enter into joint tenancy or ownership with him (but it is not a must). The other person who may have an interest on the property once Abigail has sold it is Michael who was a tenant of Abigail for around two months before she sold the house to Stephen. There is no mention of any formality being written that explains the tenancy terms of Michael and Abigail. The case does not state whether the tenancy had commenced or it was to commence in less than three months. In the event tha t it was to commence in less than three months, then the interest will be considered as override interest. If the tenancy in this case was an actual occupation, Michael will have an interest according to Sch 3 para 2 as in the case Abbey National BS v Cann [1991]. If he has this interest, the Stephen will have to assume

HOW MIGHT THE FAN PRACTICES THAT PRODUCE A CULT TEXT BE CATEGORIZED AS Essay

HOW MIGHT THE FAN PRACTICES THAT PRODUCE A CULT TEXT BE CATEGORIZED AS EITHER MASCULINE OF FEMININE; THIS ACCORDING TO GENDERED COMPETENCIES AND DISPOSITIONS AS FOUND IN THE AMERICAN SERIES TRUE BLOOD - Essay Example Vampires, two years prior, remained hidden from the Human Race; dwelling in the shadows while preying on human beings for their blood that was the vampires lifeline. This, however, changes when scientists in Japan create an artificial form of blood called â€Å"True Blood† that takes the place of human beings’ blood. They no longer have their survival controlled by the need for human blood. Instead, the vampire race is able to integrate itself into the â€Å"Mainstream† Human society. The resultant interactions are mutually suspicious with each race preferring its own company; often being intolerant of the other (Broyles, 2010, p. 56). Vampire blood, on the other hand, is categorized as being a kind of human narcotic: â€Å"V† or â€Å"V Juice† that is often sought after by the Human race. Sookie, the main protagonist is caught up in a fight between a human couple and a vampire male, Merlotte’s first, who were attempting to drain his blood. From this scene, the notion of women’s’ hospitability, non- violence and accepting nature is exhibited; this contributing immensely to the ensuing relationship that was to develop between her, Sookie, and the vampire, Bill Compton. From this relationship, a host of vampire culture and psychology is explored with great limitations being portrayed on vampire psychology. The receptive and understanding nature of Sookie epitomizes the goodwill and caring nature present in the female psychology (Hammond, 2006, p. 136). The murders of several women, all connected to Sookie’s older Brother Jason, provides the first season’s major plot. ... 136). The murders of several women, all connected to Sookie’s older Brother Jason, provides the first season’s major plot. Among the victims are Maudette Pickens, a sexual partner; Dawn Green, one of Merlotte’s servers; Grandmother Adele and girlfriend Amy Burley. He is addicted to vampire blood â€Å"V†; that is a human narcotic unlike anything manufactured at the time. The viewers’ knowledge of Jason’s innocence does not help much in easing the constant accusations and investigations carried out by detective Andy, in conjunction with Sheriff Bud, who target him as the main suspect in the investigations. The theme of masculinity comes out with the accusations, of the murders, and the constant harassment of the perceived suspect by the local authority. Violence and other acts of violence are socialized with the notion of masculinity while the feminine nature is credited with old age (Grandmother Adele), sensual and sexual pleasures as portray ed by Maudette and Marlette’s Dawn Green (Ghaill, 1994, p. 51). Friendship and enduring bonds are exemplified by the unwavering support given to Jason by two of his friends and workmates, Fortenberry and Lenier. Masculinity and endurance are two themes explored until in the end, another actor; Rene is exposed as the murderer; killed in a final confrontation with Sookie. Rene, Arlene’s fiance is actually Drew Marshall who having created a false identity goes about killing those women he considers gang-bangers; that is, women who have sexual relations with vampires. Friendship and unwavering bonds between the Male species is exemplified as being strong and long-lasting; this contributing to the fan

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

None - Essay Example Here is another example of a church steeple designed by Perret. Although it features flat faces and a square design, there remain interesting elements throughout the tower beginning with the same sort of simple understated buttresses at the top of the tower. These pull the interest up thanks to their staggered structure, some supporting high while others support low. Although the steeple is made of concrete, Perret introduces a sense of delicacy to the material with intricate lacy patterns running up the faces and throughout other segments of the church. I like the Maison de Georges Braque because it’s one of the few examples I’ve seen of a private home designed in the modern style. It features a concentration of glass and steel as its principle construction components with brick providing the more solid elements of the building at the entrance and along the matching chimneys found at either end. Perret added interest to the building by angling the upper windows in a gentle slope that both allows more light to enter the home as well as allows rain water to naturally slide off, therefore combining function with aesthetics. This is another example of a house designed in the modern style, but it’s only recognizable as a home because of its name. The building retains interest, though, thanks to the creative use of new building materials such as concrete, steel and glass. With its large front windows that span the entire front of the building and two thirds of its lower portion, it seems like a perfect showroom for a store and the optical illusion of the heavy upper story about to crush the airy lower story is interesting. This headquarters for the Navy presents a solid face to the surrounding world, but remains interesting because of its seemingly uneven divisions from top to bottom and its evenly spaced concrete and glass partitions along the sides.

Creative Writing Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creative Writing Proposal - Assignment Example Tamara’s grandfather had tried to raise his voice against such fatally dangerous customs and, as a result of it, had been banished from the tribe. I will give background on how he makes it to England and raises Tamara’s father in accordance with the culture of his forefathers but omitting all harmful practices of that culture. Tamara is a typical western teenager with average looks and a few beautiful features, but she is a victim of an identity crises inflicted by the strong pull of two opposite forces; Tamara’s mother and Tamara’s grandfather whose character I shall explain later. I will trace Tamara’s development from a meek girl into a strong woman who decides to build her own identity in face of heavy opposition by her best friend, Agatha, and her mother. Mrs. Odua Brown and the eventual transition she inspires in their respective views. She travels along with Rajab, her lover, and Agatha to Kenya to work on a thesis she decides to write for he r university degree. This is an intentional choice by her as she wants to fulfill her grandfather’s desire of saving the unique culture of their ancestors from the damage some of the customs are inflicting upon it. I will write in some detail the interesting travel stories through Africa that these friends will experience and how they change some of their views and strengthen others. Then she travels back to Birmingham and highlights the plight of her people through a book she writes based on her thesis. Agatha initially tries her best to make Agatha believe that she should try and blend into her environment instead of looking for and showing her ancestor’s, according to her, obsolete way of life. Maasai shave their head in order to show a transition in their lives, and Tamara does the same to show her friends and family that this is who she is and wants to stay. This signifies the start of the transition in her life. Agatha’s character is a soft and understandi ng one, so she accompanies Tamara to Kenya where her views are changed. She is also a loyal friend who does not leave Tamara even when she falls into some serious trouble with the Maasai chief. Mrs. Brown is another such character who opposes Tamara’s choice of Maasai traditional religion and culture but comes around with time, although she is still not strongly satisfied even till the end. Rajab and Youssef are two Muslim brothers who fight a lot amongst themselves but their fights are not of a serious nature. They fight because Youssef keeps motivating Rajab to be a little closer to their religion Islam while Rajab is a free soul who came on earth merely to enjoy and marvel life. The brothers provide comic relief and their conversations provide different perspectives on the perception of religious identity in the west after 9/11. But there is another interesting twist to the story, both secretly love Tamara and have their own unique styles of showing their feelings. Rajab f inds an interesting opportunity to be with Tamara in accompanying her to Kenya but is not motivated by her cause, which is until he experiences the Maasai life firsthand. He helps Tamara significantly in giving awareness to the tribal people. Rajab’s character flourishes into the second strongest character after Tamara. The prejudices people still hold based on ethnicity are highlighted through the lack of help Tamara

Business law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Business law - Case Study Example The respondents was one of the growers who filed a representative suit claiming breach of clause 7.4 contract and sought damages arising out that breach. The Court of first instance heard the case in two separate hearings. The first one dealt particularly with the rule of construction as applied to the disputed clause but also extended in the second hearing. The Judge held that the clause meant offering to growers’ first priority in growing chicks in preference to third parties. The second part of hearing specifically dealt with breach and the implied term of the contract by interpreting the clause on reasonable and equitable grounds. The Judge held in favour of the growers’ that there was breach of the clause and that the growers’ had the capacity to do so, hence the appeal. The Court of appeal reversed that judgment stating that the word capacity related to the appellant’s business growth and not capacity to rear chicken. It gave wide discretion to the a ppellants to contract third parties. Other standard clauses of the contract touching the case at hand included but not limited to the general clause 2, giving an over view that the growers were to provide â€Å"sealable birds† from any farm location ready to be picked and processed by the appellants. It also defined the payment terms. Clause 5 dealt with appellants delivering chicks to growers’ in unspecified quantity but the growers’ had to be notified of that delivery upon picking. The appellants remained the owner of the birds. Clause 7 set out the fundamental obligations of the appellants including providing assistance for â€Å"extra shed capacity† to growers equitably. Clause 8 stated the obligations of the growers’ such as keeping the shed in minimum standard conditions of not less than â€Å"$40 per square meter of shed floor space† and allowing access to that shed by appellants. Clause 12 dealt with the manner of collection of birds from the firm by the appellants. Clause 14 was on payments and notifying the growers’ about it upon collection of birds. Clause 20 was on the five years duration of the contract including termination of the contract if the processing plant was closed. Clause 25 provided for substantial amendment of the contract in writing. and all the above accounts for the case at hand. Case law governing the rule of Construction (b) This is predominantly based on clause 7.4 which according to the Court of first instance gave preference to growers’ as the first people to be offered the opportunity of rearing more chicken unless they are unable to do so. In other words, the appellant were in breach of this fundamental condition by offering such opportunity to third parties at the detriment of growers’. However, the appellate Court differed from the above ratio decidendi stating that Jagot, J did not establish whether the growers’ had capacity to rear more chicks at the t ime, the appellants were allocating the chicks to third parties. Their Lordships made reference to the objective principle enunciated in the case of â€Å"Pacific Carriers Ltd v BNP Pariba†1 to the extent that Court must ascertain the intention of parties by subjecting the clause to the test of a reasonable man in ordinary and plain interpretation.2 That in doing so the Court should not rewrite the clause for that would be interfering with the freedom of contract3 hence causing injustice as upheld in â€Å"

Promoting Global Tolerance through the Film Industry Essay

Promoting Global Tolerance through the Film Industry - Essay Example But in much the same way, the media, of which film and television production is part could be used to propagate a lot of good acts and correct several wrongs (Hirschfeld, 2006, 69). It is in light of this that this present research work in the film and television industry is being conducted to identify ways by which movies could be used to foster global tolerance. By global tolerance, reference is being made to ethnic, religious, racial and cultural tolerance. In the current industry research therefore, I shall interview key players in the movies industry to seek from them ways by which movies can play the role of uniting the world and promoting global tolerance. Again, views shall be sought from the interviewees on whether or not it is necessary to have a regulatory body that should censor movies to ensure that their themes are directed towards the promotion of global tolerance. Furthermore, the efforts that have been put in place by movie makers so far shall be analysed. Sample I s elected one movie director, who is also a renowned scriptwriter and a film critic, who also doubled as a renowned film producer. The movie director and writer is Lenny Harvey, who works for Ultimate Paradise Movie Productions whiles the critic and producer is Frank Adams, who works for Graphic Motion Studio. I estimated that Harvey and Adams were people who knew all about movie production from its pre-production stage to the production stage and then the post production stage. To this effect, they were in an excellent position to provide useful data that were based on facts to the various questions that I had for them. The two interviewees were selected from two different movie production houses, which were Ultimate Paradise Movie Production in Texas and Graphic Motion Studio in Los Angeles. This was done to ensure fairness in the data collection procedure. Again, while answering questions from the interview, the interviewees were made to make references to only films and movies tha t had been done by other people and not to use their own works as reference points. This was also done to ensure a very high level of fairness and elimination of biases in the responds received from them. Data Collection Procedure As indicated earlier, I made use of interview as a data collection instrument for the research.The interview was considered very appropriate because the general approach to the research was a qualitative approach instead of a quantitative approach. Because this was a qualitative research, I wanted the data collection procedure to be based on ethical sentiments and awareness creation instead of statistical fact finding. This means that the use of interview was to afford I to ask a lot of leading questions that would set the tone of the research for a brainstorming exercise, aimed at finding an intervention to solve an existing problem. The interview conducted was a face to face interview that involved me, visiting the interviewees on a set date. This was do ne after permission was sought from the interviewees to seek their consent for the interview through a formal letter. An average of one hour was spent with each interviewee where I asked the interviewees various questions that bordered on how the movie industry can be used to sensitize the whole world on the need to ensure global tolerance in terms of cultural, ethical, racial and religious awareness and acceptance. Before the actual

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay The character that’s made an outsider is Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson is an outsider because of his skin colour, and was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. But him being black was the main reason as to why he was the outsider. Scout and her family were also outsiders. They were made outsiders by the neighbourhood because her father Atticus was Tom Robinson’s Lawyer. What prior experiences have helped to make this person an outsider? His skin colour for one was something he had no control over and this made him an outsider in America where racism is the norm. Another experience that helped make him an outsider was that he always helped Ewell’s kid, Mayella out all the time, for free because he â€Å"felt sorry for her† as he said when being trialled upon. His good deeds however wasn’t repaid as she falsely accused him of raping her because she was ashamed of having ever kissed a black man. The Finch Family- just the mere fact that Atticus was representing Mr.  Robinson in court made them outsiders. It was enough to have people calling them names, threatening them and having them fear their father’s life at one point when Atticus sat guard (not stood guard cos he had a chair a desk and a book out) in front of Tom’s cell when he was approached by a group of many telling him to move aside. What kinds of attitudes, opinions or ideas does this person hold? Tom Robinson was a very nice man with a wife and kids which I’m pretty sure he loved and adored. He was a very kind man as well as he always helped Mayella Ewell out whenever she needed help and he would always do the work for free as well because he felt sorry her. He knew that her siblings hardly ever helped her out, and that she didn’t have a dime to spare on him and also had hunch that her father wasn’t the nicest person to her as well, and that was enough for her to gain his pity and kindness. Tom however feared the â€Å"whites†, not all whites or anyone in particular but the fact that whites always had the upper hand, the deciding verdict and so he ran. He ran away from the â€Å"crime scene† (not much really, just the presence of Mr. Ewell and his Mayella, after she kissed him), because he was scared of the very predicament he found himself in, explaining himself to the jury in a court defending his innocence. He knew that he had no chance against the whites and that’s why he ran. Both times. The Finch Family was a relatively anti racist family. Atticus was very much against segragation and was sure pleased to defend Mr. Robinson in court whereas his sister Alexandra Hancock is pretty much the opposite and always wants â€Å"what is best for the family† (13. 22) Scout compares her to Mount Everest: throughout my early life, she was cold and there (9. 36). But further on in the novel we see a development in her character as she shows more emotion at the shooting of Mr. Robinson. And she even hands Scout her overalls to where even though throughout the novel up until then she always preferred the picture of Scout in a dress. Scout and Jem didn’t separate themselves from the black and instead seemed more part of the black community than they were white. Always with Calpurnia, going to church with her and even sitting in the coloured side of court during the trial. Scout was right at home when with them and didn’t feel any different about them because of their skin colour, even sleeping on Reverend Sykes lap during the first part of the trial. The family is downright appalled by the justice system and all the favouritism of the white and the segregation of coloured people. What actions, behaviours or decisions make this person an outsider? Tom Robinson- nothing but his skin colour and his kindness made him an outsider. Atticus- Being Mr. Robinson’s lawyer, representing him in court, defending him in a rape charge was what made Atticus (and his family) outsiders. Even though he was told to defend Mr. Robinson by the (fair) Judge John Taylor, Atticus did not mind one bit. He knew that this would bring his family some trouble but he wanted to do it anyway. What challenges does the outsider face? Tom Robinson- The trial. He was sent to jail for a crime he did not commit and ended up being shot after an attempt to break out prison. Scout and Jem- yelled remarks and called names from people at school and even old ladies sitting on porches and being the subject of everyone’s whispers. Another challenge they faced was Mr. Robert Ewell’s attack after the play at school. They would have been as good as dead if it weren’t for the great luck they had and of course if it wasn’t for Boo Radley. Atticus- A â€Å"gang† coming close to hurting him when he stayed up outside the cell one night. The trial, was also a challenge, He knew his client was innocent and would be a difficult task to make the jury ponder over his innocence for 5 minutes at the most. His children’s lives were threatened because of a grudge gained from the trial. What consequences are there for the outsider in the text? Mr. Robinson and the Finch family, Being outsiders was the consequence of their actions. It was because of what they did ( and in Mr. Robinson’s case) who they were, that made them outsiders. How do other characters react to the outsider? Mr. Robinson is only made an outsider by the whites (generalisation, not all whites were against him, like Mr. Finch, Judge John Taylor, Heck Tate and Dolphus Raymond to name a few) but definitely had the backing of his own people. The Finch’s People were talking about them badly and they were the centre of gossip and even threats. They were despised by many, but like Mr. Robinson he was backed by the Coloured community and those who weren’t too keen on the whole â€Å"nigga’s always at fault† disease that almost everyone in Maycomb had caught What themes or messages does the text convey about society or the wider world? Racism, Segregation and ill-treatment of coloured is major theme explored in the text by Harper Lee. This problem in the little town of Maycomb is just a tiny reflection in the corner of the mirror, of America at the time. And even the world, with references to Nazi Russia in the novel also bringing to light segregation in other parts of the world. She comes right out to say that the world is a racist world, with this novel and she writes to show others what is happening and that it is actually not right. And she does so in a great way by highlighting one great injustice rather than the many and bringing to a realization how irrational and unfair the entire American Justice system was. But we also see a development in the white characters which a representative of the entire America in a sense (and the world) as thoughts and ideas change and people’s views about coloured people change, not abruptly but slow of course. The black characters in To Kill A Mockingbird contribute to the development of the white characters rather than appearing as individuals in their own right. Racism is learnt, and with this we can see that Racism can definitely be unlearnt. How are the author’s experiences of being an outsider or attitudes towards outsiders reflected in the text? Ms Lee drew on her own childhood experience and this reflected in the text because Like Scout, Lees father was an attorney who defended black men accused of crimes; like Scout, Lee had a brother four years older. And many critics noticed similarities between Dill and Lee’s on childhood friend, Truman Capote. But the novel wasn’t intended to be an autobiography. The novel looked like it was influenced by the Scottsborro Trials of the 1930’s which was pre-Civil Rights Movement era, where 2 white women accused 9 coloured men of rape and we can see many similarities to Mr. Robinson’s case. Her life and the event’s happening all around her is reflected in the plotline of the text and also the main theme running through the text of standing up for something even though the cost is high, and I think she does tying it all in and producing a great novel taking a powerful stand against racism.

Changing Self Essay Essay Example for Free

Changing Self Essay Essay How do composers use texts to explore concepts of Changing Self? Discuss ideas and techniques. In Gwen Harwoods poems Prize-Giving and The Glass Jar, the prescribed text Sky-High, and the novel White Teeth by Zadie Smith, the composer have used many varying ideas and techniques to investigate and illustrate concepts of Changing Self effectively. The ideas looked at in Gwen Harwoods poetry include imagery, retrospect, metaphor, and inversion of the connotation of adjectives. Ideas conveyed in Sky-High include imagery, retrospect, and comparison. The techniques and ideas in White Teeth, to name the most important, are long and erratic chronology, removing characters for a period and the exposing of the least important change are evident in the texts that are compared. In Gwen Harwoods poem Prize-Giving, the composer has adeptly used imagery to examine and represent the Changing Self evident in this poem. This striking imagery at first portrays an egotistical middle aged man, such as his inurbane behaviour when he scowled with violent distaste. This works in revealing the major change of Eisenbart, in comparing the self-righteous man at the start of the poem, to the awkward and confused man at the end. The imagery used to describe the titian haired girl is also evocative, especially when comparing her supposed insignificance in contrast to Eisenbart, and the affect she has on him. She seems to be nothing but a cheeky, though attractive, schoolgirl: one girl sat grinning. This thought of her insignificance is reinforced when she winked at nearby friends, possibly reinforcing to Eisenbart her immaturity that was earlier established through her audacious behaviour during the opening prayer. However, Eisenbart was flung from his calm age and power merely by a touch of this immature schoolgirl, indicating a change. This change in the girls attitude is reinforced when she changed her casual schoolgirls for a masters air, indicating the power that she has that Eisenbart has not detected thus far. In the text Sky-High by Hannah Robert, the concept of Changing Self is analysed and emphasized through retrospect, apt imagery, and change of language. The best climbing tree indicates the experiences of a child and their joy in everything no matter how small. However, the responsibility in the statement it is unlikely the washing line could support me divulges that the persona is now more responsible, and, it is discovered, also older, revealing a physical change of self. The comparisons in the final stanza show the insight that the persona now has; as seen in I was once the curious onlooker, I now write my own semaphore secrets in colourful t-shirts. It also shows, however, that no matter how much a person changes, that he or she is still the same person, and that they still retain what they were before. The metaphors used in The Glass Jar, and the way in which they are developed and often exaggerated, shows and typifies the change of self that is experienced by the persona, so that greater audiences may understand the experiences of a small child. Only a small child could imagine an ordinary glass jar as a monstrance in which the sun could be caught for the night. This vision of the holy commonplace of field and flower coming to save the boy is lost when he awakes from his nightmares. The religious metaphor is now lost except for the mocking image of the resurrected sun in the final stanza. The inversion of the usual use of adjectives shows the confusion associated with the change of self for the persona, such as the malignant ballet. The novel White Teeth, by Zadie Smith, develops the concept of Changing Self with a long and somewhat inconsistent chronology. All the characters in this novel, which reaches from World War Two to the end of the century, obviously change physically due to this long chronology. However, the retrospect as to how much the characters have changed in other ways is far more potent because of the extensive chronology. The comparison, for example, Josh Chalfen turning away from his family and becoming less of a nerd: he was the kind of guy who could measure an eighth with his eyes closed (so fuck you, Millat). The original focus of the book on Archie Jones beguiles the reader into thinking that he is the main focus for the book. However, Archie serves  merely as a connection between all the original characters. From these characters the Jones, Iqbal, Chalfen and Bowden families and their stories emerge, and all the adults, in the end, only accentuate the changes that the children (Irie, Millat, Magid, and Josh) undergo, that is, comparing where the children have ended up to what their parents expected of them. The later and extended focus of the novel on Millat Iqbal, who changes in the most radical way out of all the characters, hides the slow and, in the sense that Millat changes, insignificant changes of Irie Jones, but her changes are more symbolic and emotional. The removal of Magid from the story means that his change of self seems sudden, because the persona is taken away at the age of nine years and only returned at the age of seventeen. In the texts Prize-Giving and The Glass Jar by Gwen Harwood, Sky-High by Hannah Robert, and White Teeth by Zadie Smith, ideas and techniques are flaunted in terms of how they are used to display the change of self in the personas. The numerous ideas used in each of the texts, often overlapping to be used in more than one text show the skill of the composers and their flexibility in applying various techniques.

Ethnic minorities in Britain

Ethnic minorities in Britain Ethnic Minorities in Britain Introduction (Mis)labelling identity signifiers bespeaks underlying histories of power structure(s). Indeed, however a case is made based on political, social, economic, cultural and ethnic grounds, an identity signifier remains central to sustain, if not to justify, existing power structures. Further, one specific identity signifier can be employed by contestant parties within a given discourse universe and even in exchange. As contestants struggle over meaning-making, moreover, exchanging (mis)labelled identity signifiers between and within groupings of contestant parties gain particular significance when (mis)labelling practice reaches out for outer frames of contested discourse, beyond a more usual practice of (mis)labelling contestants. Islamophobia, if any, especially as contested within a U.K. context, is just such an instance of an active (mis)labelling practice in which (Jeudo-Christian) Occident vs. (Islamist) Orient as possible (mis)labelled parties to contest exchange exact same (mis )labelled identity signifier i.e. Islamophobic not only in order to frame parties to contest but for an appropriation of what ultimately defines frames of contest per se. Indeed, much literature is dedicated to question the (mis)appropriateness of Islamophobia as a labeller of phobia generated, presumably, from an increasingly visible presence of Islam / Muslims in the U.K. in recent years. 1,2,3 The case for / against Islamophobia, depending on which party holds argument, is, in fact, made blurry given the ambiguity of what constitutes a Muslim identity in the first place. 4 Considering potentially multiple identities of U.K. Muslims 5,6, contestation between and within concerned parties holds a fluid ground more so based on or as a result of fluidity of what makes up Islamophobia. This paper examines multilayered manipulations of Islamophobia as contested within a U.K context. The argument, first, discusses literature on race relations and immigration policies, more emphasis being laid on policies pertaining to Commonwealth subjects in Indian Subcontinent. An examination follows of how race-based (addressing ethnicity, assimilation and multicultural ism issues) as opposed to faith-based (addressing religious practices, rights, and interfaith relations) protections have much influenced and/or mixed up contestations over Islam, Muslims and, most importantly, Islamophobia, if any, within a U.K. context. Finally, Islamophobia is placed in a wider European context in which contestation over Islamophobia as such is connected to Continental debates on modern nation-states and multiculturalisms. Race, race relations and immigration policies Historically, Britain has received waves of immigrants of diverse descent for a multitude of reasons. Yet, post-World War II period, particularly during mid-1940s, 1950s and 1960s, witnessed unprecedented influx into major industrial cities for reconstruction efforts. 7,8 Up until late 1960s, no specific laws addressed inter-ethnic violence and conflict. Ironically, ex-colonies subjects were regarded, after all, as second class citizens. 9 Only when families of Asian (primarily Pakistani, Indian and Bangladeshi) works started to flood English cities and ports in what is referred to as chain immigration (i.e. residents invite close family members and friends and, once settled, relatives and friends invite their own families and friends) did local acts of ethnic violence give prominence to and raise public awareness on a national level of alien citizen status as part of British reality. 10 Still, post-World War II period is one characterised more by inflammatory statements made about nationals of non-British blood and descent 11 rather than about citizens whose allegiance to British values and way of life is questionable because of a different creed such as in case of South-Asians. Indicative of an increasingly racialised public discourse pertaining to immigrants and naturalised subjects is: When individuals like the Marquis of Salisbury spoke of maintaining the English way of life, they were not simply referring to economic or regional folk patterns, but explicitly to the preservation of the racial character of the English people. We have developing here a process of subjectification grounded in a racialised construction of the British Subject which excludes and includes people on the basis of race/skin colour. 12 Indeed, race remains a fundamental subtext of British hegemonic discourse during colonial era, in post-World War II period and beyond. For one, one staple justification for subjugation of nations, groups and individuals is race. 13 Further, in case of a South Asian minority, presumably British Subjects, race is invoked as a justification for inequalities at workplace, housing, education, let alone political rights. 14 In essence, race and racism essentialise subjects of racist acts. Similar to all hegemonic practices which maintain specific power relations within an overarching power structure, racism emphasises superior vs. Inferior duality in order not only to maintain existing power relations but also to morally justify excesses of inequalities. 15 In British context, South Asian workers predominantly from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh particularly during first mass immigration waves of 1940s, 1950s and 1960s were, like a gear fit into a larger wheel, brought in as props, imported, used, and returned. Initially, South Asians workers performed and acted as underdogs much to masters delight. Later, however, as familiarity of British System and Administration developed amongst workers of non-British blood, riots and protests became noise (racist) masters needed to work on. Thus, successive legislations regulating immigrants status within U.K. borders were, apparently, meant to control influx of immigrants and to align British Subjects along well-defined ethnic boundaries.16 As U.K.s ethnic makeup diversified over time and across localities, states insistence on ethnic markers between and within ethnic groups grew by leaps and bounds. The racism formula, endorsed by laws and working brilliantly in a colonial era and slightly so within borders during early days of mass immigration, turned out problematic if not unstabilising given growing pressures of growing minorities in pocket cities, minorities now capable of tipping vote balance. Ultimately, a multi-ethnic / multicultural society is not based on a goodwill, all-accommodating multiculturalism discourse one meant to acknowledge ethnic / racial / cultural differences per se by way of minority rights but, rather, one emphasizing ethnic markers for further state control. 17 In fact, state control, in so far as British Muslims are concerned, represents a clear instance not only of an ethnicity manipulated (at multiple layers of discourse in government, media, and education) but, further still, of an identity (i.e. BrMislim / BrAsian) manipulated (at just same layers) and hence fluidity of what constitutes Islam / Muslim and, probably in turn, Islamophobia. Understanding an emerging Islamophobia requires, however, an examination of evolution of race relations politics from one based on race to one based on faith. Race, faith, Islamophobia, and multiculturalism By definition, political discourse is one characterised by manipulation and is, largely, subject to voters sway in democracies. 18 Political Correctness (PC) is just one example of political machination. In essence, a politically correct expression is a euphemism meant (and, for that matter, meaning) less to fulfil felicity conditions required for an actionable statement and more as instrumental. Thus, British policies on race and ethnicity has marked a shift since installation of race relations acts of 1965 and 1968 19 from an emphasis on racial discrimination to an emphasis on religious extremism and bigotry as a basis for incrimination only selectively, excluding BrMuslims. Indeed, incitement to hatred based on affiliation to Islam is one major legal anomaly scholars continue to point out to. 19, 20 Interestedly, given papers purposes, racial discrimination against BrAsians has not, in fact, been eliminated by virtue of progress in legislation on racial relations but only diverted to another (unprotected by law) dimension, significant as is, of a BrAsian subjects identity. That is, being Muslim. That multilayered public discourse has, moreover, shifted from race to faith is indicative not of actionable (as opposed to pronounced) change but of power structure(s) embedded in race relations discourses in the U.K. Thus, in place of a racialised discourse based on BrAsian intrusion into Britishness, same racial group, now British Muslims, comes out as anti-British. Typical of a manipulative political discourse a game of labelling and re-labelling underprivileged, underrepresented groups (except in prisons) is enacted such that power relations as engineered, largely but not always by, state are maintained within and between different ethnicities in a multicultural community which is, Britain. Unsurprisingly, a set of composite metrics has been developed in order to measure Britishness. 21 That such metrics combine gauges of loyalties at intra-national (i.e. Britain), national (i.e. England, Scotland, etc), or local (e.g. Bradford) levels is, indeed, indicative of an ethnic identit y crisis, particularly so in case of BrAsians / BrMuslims. As a consequence, a group diverse as BrAsians / BrMuslims and framed as inassimilable 22 into wider and mainstream community is bundled up altogether, labelled and made alien. Islamophobia is, one argues, an expression of an anxiety over ethnicity identity. Indeed, Islamophobic sentiments are, upon close examination, aimed not at Islam per se but at Muslims. 23 In fact, literature repeatedly points out that people, rather than faith, is phobes trajectory. 23, 24,25 A broad overview of British media is indicative of who is meant and labelled: If you doubt whether Islamophobia exists in Britain, I [Gordon Conway, Head of Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia] suggest you spend a week reading, as I have done, a range of national and local papers. If you look for articles which refer to Muslims or to Islam you will find prejudiced and antagonistic comments, mostly subtle but sometimes blatant and crude. Where the media lead, many will follow. British Muslims suffer discrimination in their education and in the workplace. Acts of harassment and violence against Muslims are common. 26 Thus, Islamophobia, a label gaining currency in media and academia thanks to Runnymede Trusts much publicised report Islamophobia, a challenge for us all 27 has acquired such a canonical status as to render alternative neologisms unrepresentative of responses to Islam / Muslims. According to Halliday, Islamophobia indulges conformism and authority within Muslim communities. One cannot avoid the sense, in regard to work such as the Runnymede Report that the race relations world has yielded, for reasons of political [emphasis added] convenience, on this term. 28 Moreover, The use of Islamophobia also challenges the possibility of dialogue based on universal principles. It suggeststhat the solution lies in greater dialogue, bridge-building and respect for the other community, but this inevitably runs the risk of denying the right, or possibility, of criticisms of the practices of those with whom one is having the dialogue. Not only those who, on universal human rights grounds, object to elements in Islamic traditions and current rhetoric, but also those who challenge conservative readings from within, can more easily be classed as Islamophobes. 29 Thus, Islamophobia is employed in such a politically correct fashion such as to silence criticisms, on one hand, and to maintain good neighbourhood relations, on another. The former stance is framed, in right-leaning perspective, as militant, jihadist, terrorist, uncivil, anti-modern and anti-Western. 30 The latter is framed, in Islamist perspective, as accommodating, assimilative and hegemonic. In between is media, an arena for meaning-making and shifting perceptions. Alternatively, Islamophobia can be employed not as a politically correct euphemism in order to silence internal criticisms or to maintain law and order but, rather, to militate against an other. This could take a shape of dismantling politeness courtesies essential not for a politically correct dialogue but for one based on critical questioning. Still, Islamophobia could be further employed such as a cover up for supposedly hidden hegemonic agendas. 31 One peculiar shift for Islamophobia as contested within a U.K. context is how instead of imported aliens made citizens being instigators of hate, violence, unrest, and, ultimately terror an enemy within image is constructed and maintained such as to, apparently, pass Islamophobic sentiments, if any, from one generation onto another. 32 For some now increasingly most, credit to media rivers of actual blood running London streets following London 7/7 (Ã   la 9/11 codification) attacks are reminiscent of symbolic blood as invoked by Enoch Powell in his Birmingham speech in 1968: As I look ahead, I am filled with foreboding. Like the Roman, I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood. The tragic and intractable phenomenon [i.e. immigration] which we [emphasis added] watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic, but which there is interwoven with the history and existence of the States itself, is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect. 33 Unsurprisingly, Powells xenophobic pronouncements just as all xenophobic pronouncements -gain further inertia as an apparently self-fulfilling prophecy comes true. Admittedly, most, if not all, far-right politics tap into a well-rehearsed repertoire of phobias not least Islamophobia. Moreover, whole political careers are created and enhanced based on precautions from an other: now of colour, now of race, and now of different faith. Across Europe, ballot boxes speak volumes of Islamophobia tapped into as a final recourse against an imminent green menace within. 34,35 Islamophobia: European context Placed in a wider context, Islamophobia is not exclusive to U.K. As a matter of fact, for Europe in which U.K. is situated and to which it is historically affiliated Islamophobia is a common currency. Indeed, each European country has a distinctive narrative to tell of Islam / Muslims. Yet, for all differences, European nations especially former colonial powers share common narratives of home-grown terrorists and phobias. 36 Interestingly still is how European nation states follow a similar pattern of state controls over flow of (now particularly Muslim) immigrants as well as controls of modes of conducts of minorities within. 37 In fact, U.K.s, and for that matter Europes, current immigration laws and policies cannot be fully understood in isolation of European conception of nation-states. Historically, European nation-states evolved into democratic polities in which upholding order and rule of law required consistent policies. 38 As European countries grew increasingly into political, economic and scientific powerhouses, an increasing influx of immigrants required subtler means of control. Typically, in major European countries such as U.K. enacting multiculturalism policies meant, at least apparently in so far as actual practices are concerned, less room for truly diverse communities and more for accommodation, assimilation, and full integration of an increasing alien presence posing, allegedly, menaces to established European Enlightenment canonical values of reason and secularism. 39 Probably understandably, far-right currents in European politics manipulated political machinery inciting violence and hatred at times creating, only in voters minds, all sorts of phobias. The case for Islamophobia is one, consequently, which can be understood primarily based on power relations established and maintained in a wider power structure of Europe. This is particularly significant if one is to grasp global (i.e. Western) war on Islam, which is not. For all long-established and nourished power structures need a signifier, a marker, which, presumably , contains, defines, and tags an assumed other only to maintain law and order in an endless historical power struggle over hearts and minds. In conclusion, Islamophobia is, ultimately, a (mis)label slapped onto bottled up power relations within a marked power structure. In U.K. context, Islamophobia is used, as has been demonstrated, not to mark a shift in discursive practices towards a truly multicultural community but to maintain embedded power relations in which specific groups are assigned definite space within ethnic markers. Initially, race is used to maintain power structures but upon introduction of race acts and laws, subtler formers of control and manipulation are employed by which focus is shift from race per se to faith not as a creed but as another boundary of control. Within (i.e. in BrMuslims community), Islamophobia is employed by Islamic leaders such as to appropriate an exclusive definition of Muslims and Islam, on one hand, and in order to silence internal power struggle over meaning-making of Islam and, probably, anything else. Finally, in a broader context, Islamophobia is employed as a means of control and manipulation of Muslim communities within, multiculturalism policies aside. Notes 1. Nasreen Ali, Virinder S. Karla, and S. Sayyid, eds. A post colonial people: South Asians in Britain. London: Hurst, 2006. 2. Taher Abbas, ed. Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure. London: Zed, 2005. 3. Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington, eds. Racism and antiracism: Inequalities, opportunities, and politics. London: SAGE, 1999. 4. Afifa Hussain and William Miller. Multicultural nationalism: Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and devolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 5. Ibid. 6. Stephan May, Tariq Modood, and Judith Squires, eds. Ethnicity, nationalism, and minority rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 7. Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington, Racism and antiracism 8. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ed. Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 19-36 9. Ibid. 10. Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington, eds. Racism and antiracism 11. Ibid. 12. Quoted in Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington, eds. Racism and antiracism, 12. 13. Ernest Cashmore and Barry Troyna. Introduction to race relations. Basingstoke: The Falmer Press, 1990. 14. Ibid. 15. Robert Miles. Racism after race relations. London: Rutledge, 1993. 16. Nasreen Ali, Virinder S. Karla, and S. Sayyid, eds. A post colonial people: South Asians in Britain 17. Ibid. 18. Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington. 19. Ibid. 20. Stephan May, Tariq Modood, and Judith Squires, eds. Ethnicity, nationalism, and minority rights. 21. Afifa Hussain and William Miller. Multicultural nationalism: Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and devolution. 22. Nasreen Ali, Virinder S. Karla, and S. Sayyid, eds. A post colonial people: South Asians in Britain, 183. 23. John E. Richardson. (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004. 24. Christopher Allen, The impact of the Runnymede Trust on Islamophobia in the UK, BOÉCE, no. 6 (2003): 51-69. 25. Ali Mohammadi, ed. Islam encountering globalisation. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. 26. Quoted in Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani. Islam Jihad: prejudice versus reality (Bangladesh: The University Press, 2002), 41. 27. Christopher Allen, The impact of the Runnymede Trust on Islamophobia in the UK. 28. Quoted in Ali Mohammadi, ed. Islam encountering globalization, 24. 29. Ibid. 30. Robert Spencer. The politically incorrect guide to Islam (and the Crusades). Washington, DC: Regnery, 2005. 31. Ibid. 32. Roger Ballard and Marcus Banks, eds. Desh Pardesh: the South Asian presence in Britain. London: Hurst, 1994. 33. Quoted in Peter Braham, Ali Rattansi, and Richard Skillington, eds. Racism and antiracism, 18. 34. Raphael Israeli. The Islamic challenge in Europe. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008. 35. Roger Ballard and Marcus Banks, eds. Desh Pardesh: the South Asian presence in Britain 36. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ed. Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 37. Ibid. 38. Nasreen Ali, Virinder S. Karla, and S. Sayyid, eds. A post colonial people: South Asians in Britain 9. Ali Mohammadi, ed. Islam encountering globalization. Bibliography Abbas, Taher, ed. Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure. London: Zed, 2005. Ali, Nasreen, Karla, Virinder, and Sayyid, S., eds. A post colonial people: South Asians in Britain. London: Hurst, 2006. Allen, Christopher, The impact of the Runnymede Trust on Islamophobia in the UK, BOÉCE, no. 6 (2003): 51-69. Ballard, Roger and Banks, Marcus, eds. Desh Pardesh: the South Asian presence in Britain. London: Hurst, 1994. Braham, Peter, Rattansi, Ali, and Skillington, Richard, eds. Racism and antiracism: Inequalities, opportunities, and politics. London: SAGE, 1999. Cashmore, Ernest and Troyna, Barry. Introduction to race relations. Basingstoke: The Falmer Press, 1990. Haddad, Yvonne, ed. Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 19-36. Hussain, Afifa and Miller, William. Multicultural nationalism: Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and devolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Israeli, Raphael. The Islamic challenge in Europe. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008 May, Stephan, Modood, Tariq, and Squires, Judith, eds. Ethnicity, nationalism, and minority rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mohammadi, Ali, ed. Islam encountering globalisation. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. Noorani, Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed. Islam Jihad: prejudice versus reality Bangladesh: The University Press, 2002. Richardson, John. (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004 Spencer, Robert. The politically incorrect guide to Islam (and the Crusades). Washington, DC: Regnery, 2005

Oswalds Restoration Theory of Sleep :: essays research papers

A restorative theory claims that sleep is used to repair the body including the brain. Oswald suggests that slow wave sleep is when body repair occurs and REM sleep is when the brain is repaired. This is supported by the fact that there is an increase in the secretion of growth hormones during SWS. This could also explain why brain activity levels are high during REM sleep, and similar to when awake. Stern and Morgane back up Oswold’s theory about REM sleep with their activation synthesis theory. They believe, with support from research that shows that when people take antidepressants, their REM sleep decreases, that REM sleep is a time for synthesizing nor-adrenaline and dopamine, which are used as antidepressants. This is however, a correlation study which means it doesn’t show causality. Many studies of the role of sleep are partial or total sleep deprivation studies which support Oswold’s restoration theory. One of these supporting studies was Dement’s. He deprived participants of REM sleep and consequently found that they increased their number of attempted REM stages from 12 to 26 over 4-7 nights. During their first uninterrupted night, participants increased their REM sleep by 10% which is known as REM rebound. This suggests the importance of REM and the possibility that the purpose of sleep is to get into REM sleep. The participants reported anxiety, irritability and difficulty concentrating which shows that REM sleep is needed to avoid these affects and enable brain recovery which corresponds with Oswold’s theory. Even so, Dement’s study has low ecological validity, it has low population validity because there were only 8 participants and they were a self-selected sample. Participants would probably have shown demand characteristi cs because the experiment took place in a lab. It also has low mundane realism because people would not usually sleep in a lab and be interrupted repeatedly. This is also unethical as it caused stress. A total sleep deprivation study is even more unethical and therefore difficult to gain participants for, but as a case study, Randy Gardner broke the world record. He suffered from paranoia and hallucinations as a result of the total sleep deprivation which again shows the importance of sleep. However it is not feasible to generalise to the whole population from one self-selected participant. Further evidence to support Oswold’s theory about SWS, comes from the idea that more physical exercise would lead to more SWS because the body needs more repair.

Shakespeare And Kingship Essay -- William Shakespeare Kings Essays

Shakespeare And Kingship In writing his history plays, Shakespeare was actually commenting on what he thought about the notion of kingship. Through his plays, he questions the divine right of kings, which the kings and the aristocracy used heavily in their favour to win the people's love. In Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV part 1, Shakespeare shows us his opinion of kingship in general. Although the plays are written about individual kings, I think that Shakespeare used the plays as an opportunity to voice his opinion on kings and kingship in general. This was assisted by the fact that he was not prohibited by the true events, because it is well known that all of Shakespeare's plays were written purely for entertainment value, not as a historical record of what occurred. The main notion of kingship that Shakespeare attacks in Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV, is the divine right of kings, where the kings claimed that they were God's counterpart on Earth, and a 'step up' in divinity from the other aristocrats and the common people. In his plays, Shakespeare depicts the kings, and Hal, in King Henry IV, as people who were not, or at least did not act like the direct descendants of God. In Macbeth, he commits treason and murder, the two worst crimes of the day, and neither Duncan nor Macbeth were saved by God, who, according to the theory of the divine right of kings, should have saved Duncan and then Macbeth. When they were killed, they were both king, and therefore the right-hand man of God, the creator, who controls the entire world and who could have stopped them from being killed. In Richard II, Richard bankrupts the country with his blatant mismanagement and his excessive spending on his 'favourites', who are already rich aristocrats, while ignoring the common people who are living in poverty. Richard's behaviour leads to both the aristocracy and the common people disliking him. The aristocrats disliked him because he was bankrupting the country, which they did not like because they were proud to be English and wanted their country to dominate for many more years. The common people disliked Richard because they were living in poverty while Richard was spending huge amounts of money on people who were already wealthy. What Richard did is not the sort of behaviour that is expected from God's representative on Earth, and S... ...he other extreme of kingship - while Macbeth and Richard disregarded the common people, Hal was one of the common people. King Henry fits right into the middle and I think would, by Shakespeare's standards be a perfect king, if only his claim to the throne could not be questioned, particularly the murder of Richard and the "voyage to the Holy Land | to wash this blood from my guilty hand" , which he still hadn't done in the opening scenes of King Henry IV, about a year later. Much of the things that the kings in the plays do may not be an altogether true representation of what they, or even the kings of Shakespeare's day were like. Most of what Shakespeare comments on is his personal opinion - it is he that thinks the kings mistreated and disregarded the common people and he that did not believe in the divine right of kings. It is also important to remember that all of Shakespeare's plays, even the historical ones were above all, written to be entertaining and to impress the Elizabethan audience that they were aimed for. Shakespeare did not write the plays as historical references, but instead as interesting and exciting plays that would make for good, entertaining theatre. Shakespeare And Kingship Essay -- William Shakespeare Kings Essays Shakespeare And Kingship In writing his history plays, Shakespeare was actually commenting on what he thought about the notion of kingship. Through his plays, he questions the divine right of kings, which the kings and the aristocracy used heavily in their favour to win the people's love. In Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV part 1, Shakespeare shows us his opinion of kingship in general. Although the plays are written about individual kings, I think that Shakespeare used the plays as an opportunity to voice his opinion on kings and kingship in general. This was assisted by the fact that he was not prohibited by the true events, because it is well known that all of Shakespeare's plays were written purely for entertainment value, not as a historical record of what occurred. The main notion of kingship that Shakespeare attacks in Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV, is the divine right of kings, where the kings claimed that they were God's counterpart on Earth, and a 'step up' in divinity from the other aristocrats and the common people. In his plays, Shakespeare depicts the kings, and Hal, in King Henry IV, as people who were not, or at least did not act like the direct descendants of God. In Macbeth, he commits treason and murder, the two worst crimes of the day, and neither Duncan nor Macbeth were saved by God, who, according to the theory of the divine right of kings, should have saved Duncan and then Macbeth. When they were killed, they were both king, and therefore the right-hand man of God, the creator, who controls the entire world and who could have stopped them from being killed. In Richard II, Richard bankrupts the country with his blatant mismanagement and his excessive spending on his 'favourites', who are already rich aristocrats, while ignoring the common people who are living in poverty. Richard's behaviour leads to both the aristocracy and the common people disliking him. The aristocrats disliked him because he was bankrupting the country, which they did not like because they were proud to be English and wanted their country to dominate for many more years. The common people disliked Richard because they were living in poverty while Richard was spending huge amounts of money on people who were already wealthy. What Richard did is not the sort of behaviour that is expected from God's representative on Earth, and S... ...he other extreme of kingship - while Macbeth and Richard disregarded the common people, Hal was one of the common people. King Henry fits right into the middle and I think would, by Shakespeare's standards be a perfect king, if only his claim to the throne could not be questioned, particularly the murder of Richard and the "voyage to the Holy Land | to wash this blood from my guilty hand" , which he still hadn't done in the opening scenes of King Henry IV, about a year later. Much of the things that the kings in the plays do may not be an altogether true representation of what they, or even the kings of Shakespeare's day were like. Most of what Shakespeare comments on is his personal opinion - it is he that thinks the kings mistreated and disregarded the common people and he that did not believe in the divine right of kings. It is also important to remember that all of Shakespeare's plays, even the historical ones were above all, written to be entertaining and to impress the Elizabethan audience that they were aimed for. Shakespeare did not write the plays as historical references, but instead as interesting and exciting plays that would make for good, entertaining theatre.

Nature and Procreation in Blue Highways Essay -- Blue Highways

Nature and Procreation in Blue Highways In the book of a rustic American journey, Blue Highways, William Least Heat Moon continually characterizes the land he travels with simple, natural references. Least Heat Moon repeatedly gives the nature he discovers on his journey very fertile, prolific qualities. The essays often contains vivid physical descriptions of the environment, particularly its natural beauty. Least Heat Moon ponders human existence and its interference with the environment. The themes of natural beauty and fertility repeatedly surface throughout Least Heat Moon's account of his journey around America. In several descriptions of nature throughout the book, William Least Heat Moon portrays the wilderness he finds with extremely basic, reproductive traits. The themes of procreation and fertility in the natural environment surround him. For example, in his description of a swamp environment, Least Heat Moon writes, In the muck pollywogs were starting to squirm. It was spring here, and juices were getting up in the stalks...water bubbled with the froth of ...

Monologue Boo Radley Perspective Essay

Yesterday was the first day I stepped out into the sunlight, when I look back upon my days watching Jem and scout growing up, one thing that comes into my mind is why I didn’t just step outside and play with them. I think what kept me from going outdoors was the conflict between black and whites at the time , I didn’t want to get caught up in all the drama so I stayed indoors, now looking back I should of just faces the racism, I would of loved to spend days down at the creek swimming with the children or playing football and building snow forts in the winter. You see jem and scout they didn’t have many to play with, well they had dill but only in the summer and Atticus’s job as a lawyer kept him pretty busy. Back when Jem and scout were little I would sneak out at night and place on of my childhood pleasures in the knot hole, nothing was better than watching their faces light up when they found the gifts. I left the children gifts because I wanted them to realise that I wasn’t scary or a monster, I was simply just watching over them as a friend. I think that the children need to know the truth about me and they need to learn how to look past the rumours and see the real person, I want to keep trying because I know that if I put the right thing in the knot hole that they will learn that you can’t judge people until you’ve seen what’s its like from their point of view. I don’t think that anyone knows what its like to me, I don’t stay in this house because I want to, I stay in this house because there ‘s now where else for me to go. Last night I was sitting in my chair and I had this funny feeling that something wasn’t quite right. I went to my window and saw jem and scout at the tree staring to run. Scout was still in her ham costume and couldn’t run. Both children fell down and I saw a shadow looking over them, someone was after my kids, I couldn’t stand around to watch this all go down. I knew that this person had enough anger within to kill both of the kids if he really wanted to. I ran as fast as I could and I grabbed a knife from the kitchen. The whole incident took about 8 seconds but felt like everything was happening in slow motion. I felt like every second not helping the children could be the second that Mr Ewell go to them. All I knew is that I would never forgive myself if either one of these kids lost there life because I was a moment to late. When I ran out to the road , jem was screaming and Mr Ewell was on him. He dropped jem to the ground and ran over to scout and tried to pick her up so he could hurt her too, but that wasn’t going to happen as at that moment I grabbed him and before I knew it I stabbed him-he was dead on the road with a knife stuck into the pit of his stomach but the murder that I had just committed was the last thing on my mind, I picked up jem and carried him to his house when we were in jems room and scout was telling everyone what had happened. Then scout said two words that made everything worth it. She said â€Å"hi boo† these two words meant so much to me as I now knew that jem and scout now know that I am a good person who would always be looking after them because they were now apart of my life. They were my kids. It took me a few years but I finally realised that I couldn’t spend the rest of my life indoors how ever by the time I realised this, jem and scout had all ready moved on from Maycomb county. What really triggered me to realise this was the fact that I didn’t want to miss the next opportunity to meet people like the finches, if only I had the courage back then that I have now maybe then I would have been able to face the racism in maycomb and maybe even been able to give the children my childhood pleasures myself, face to face and above all maybe jem scout and I may still be friends or would of kept in contact over the years. After my dad had died I was eternally grateful as I would no longer be tortured into staying indoors for the rest of my life but I found out later that my brother who was cruel if not crueler than my father will be looking to keep my father’s promise to keep me indoors and away from everyone. He tortured me chaining me to the bed post so there was no way I could escape. With little food and water I could feel myself growing weaker, Nathan my so called brother waited till I was near death and force feed me, starving me near point of death and feed me so I wouldn’t die. Nathan would say to me â€Å"death is too kind for a man like you authur† , feeling miserable, weak, and abandoned every night i would look out my window and prey to the brightest star knowing that someday my mother and I will be together again, hoping, just hoping that someday life would be so kind, kind enough to let me go so I can be with my mother once again.

Management Information System Essay

In this paper I will be answering the case study questions that involve; when antivirus cripples your computer, how secure is the cloud, are electronic records a cure for health care and also a tale of two IS project. Surprisingly about 90% of computers are completed infected with spyware, which make it the most common problem for most technical support staffs. That includes that major software companies. When spyware happen to become present on the computer, act as soon as possible to remove the problem and get the computer back in top condition. Cloud computing covers a lot of areas, cloud computing approach to IT where many users get information to shared computing resources, rather than each having their own dedicated servers. The lack of computer automation in the U.S health care system is appalling, electronic records have multiple benefits, they ensure that patients have coverage, and also explain exactly what is covered and what if the patient have a deductible, it explains it. In the next passage I will be answering the case study questions regarding the information provided. Case study questions When antivirus software cripples your computers 1. What management, organization, and technology factors have been responsible for McAfee’s software problems? 2. What was the business impact of this software problem, both for MacAfee and for its customers? 3. If you were a MacAfee enterprise customer, would you consider MacAfee’s response to the problem is acceptable? Why or why not? 4. What should McAfee do in the future to avoid similar problems? How secure is the cloud? 1. What security and control problems are described in this case? 2. What people, organization, and technology factors contribute to these questions? 3. How secure is cloud computing? Explain your answer.  4. If you were in charge of your company’s information systems department, what issues would you want to clarify with prospective vendors? 5. Would you entrust your corporate systems to a cloud computing provider? Why or why not? Are electronic medical records a cure for health care? 1. What management, organization, and technology factors are responsible for the difficulties in building electronic medical record systems? Explain your answer 2. What stages of system building will be the most difficult when creating electronic medical record systems? Explain your answer. 3. What is the business and social impact of not digitizing medical records (to individual physicians, hospitals, insurers, patients)? JetBlue an WestJet: a tale of two IS projects 1. How important is the reservation system at airlines such as JetBlue? How does it impact operational activities and decisions making? 2. Evaluate the key risk factors of the project to upgrade the reservations system of WestJet and JetBlue. 3. Classify and describe the problems each airline faced in implementing its new reservation system. What management, organizational, and technology factors caused those problems? 4. Describe the steps you would have taken to control the risk in these projects.

How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents

The Business Problem P&G faced problems managing the vast amounts of paper required for a company that develops drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Regulatory issues, research and development (R&D), and potential litigation generate even more paper documents and files. As a result, P&G wanted to gain control of its company documents, reduce administrative oversight of its paper documents, reduce costs, accelerate R&D initiatives, and improve tracking and signature compliance. P&G decided to adopt an electronic document management system.When P&G moved to electronic documents, it had to ensure that it could authenticate digital signatures and build signing and storage processes into its daily workflow. Further, P&G’s legal department wanted to ensure that it had a legally enforceable signature on file. The IT Solution P&G turned to IT integrator Cardinal Solutions (www. cardinalsolutions. com) to implement Adobe LiveCycle Reader Extensions and Adobe LiveCycle PDF Gene rator (www. adobe. com), which would function with P&G’s eLab Notebook program.These software packages would manage, review, approve, and sign the huge volume of R&D information, including files created with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. P&G adopted the pharmaceutical industry’s Signatures and Authentication for Everyone (SAFE) BioPharma Association standard. This standard was established to help companies go paperless and still interact with regulatory authorities on a global scale. P&G’s initiative focused on implementing methods to manage digital signatures and creating a method to confirm the identity of the signer.The company’s IT and legal departments agreed that the standard met the company’s business needs and risk requirements. Instead of recording information from experiments in paper notebooks – along with numbering each page, signing it and having a witness sign it – researchers can now use word processing program s, spreadsheets, presentation software, and similar tools to generate project notes and other necessary documentation. After a researcher has collected all the data, LiveCycle PDG Generator creates a PDF document and prompts the person creating the file to add a digital signature.The system requires the use of a USB token for authentication. At that point, LiveCycle Reader Extensions embeds usage rights within the document. The Result Today, once a digital signature is added to a file, an auditor can immediately view the document and all activity related to the document. The auditor right-clicks on the signature and views the entire audit trail. The signature can also be appended as a last page of the file so that it can be shared externally when necessary, such as in a court of law.The system saves P&G time and money. Researchers no longer have to spend several hours per week archiving paper files from their experiments. In addition, P&G is able to quickly retrieve large volumes of data that may be needed for government regulators or business partners. P&G projects that it will achieve tens of millions of dollars in productivity gains by using the system. The typical employee will save approximately 30 minutes of signing and archiving time per week..